Signal framing in a coherent optical receiver

ABSTRACT

A method and system for a estimating a most likely location of a periodic SYNC burst within an optical signal received through an optical communications system. A cross-correlation is calculated between a multi-bit digital signal derived from the optical signal and a known symbol sequence of the SYNC burst. The cross-correlation is processed in at least one sub-block to identify a candidate sub-block in which the SYNC burst is most likely located. The candidate sub-block is then further analyzed to estimate a location of the SYCN burst.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.11/552,016 filed on Oct. 23, 2006 and allowed on Feb. 14, 2013, whichclaims benefit under 35 U.S.C. 119(e) from U.S. Provisional PatentApplication Ser. No. 60/728,751, entitled Automatic Gain Control, whichwas filed on Oct. 21, 2005.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention relates to optical communications networks, and inparticular to signal framing in a coherent optical receiver.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Optical signals received through conventional optical links aretypically distorted by significant amounts of chromatic dispersion (CD)and polarization dependent impairments such as Polarization ModeDispersion (PMD), polarization angle changes and polarization dependentloss (PDL). Chromatic dispersion (CD) on the order of 30,000 ps/nm, andpolarization rotation transients at rates of 10⁵ Hz are commonlyencountered. Various methods and systems intended to address some ofthese limitations are known in the art.

FIG. 1 schematically illustrates a representative coherent opticalreceiver capable of implementing the methods of Applicant's co-pendingU.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/294,613 filed Dec. 6, 2005 andentitled “Polarization Compensation In A Coherent Optical Receiver”;Ser. No. 11/315,342 filed Dec. 23, 2005 and entitled “Clock RecoveryFrom An Optical Signal With Dispersion Impairments”; Ser. No. 11/315,345filed Dec. 23, 2005 and entitled “Clock Recovery From An Optical SignalWith Polarization Impairments”; Ser. No. 11/366,392 filed Mar. 2, 2006and entitled “Carrier Recovery In A Coherent Optical Receiver”; and Ser.No. 11/423,822 filed Jun. 13, 2006 and entitled “Signal Acquisition In ACoherent Optical Receiver”, the content of all of which are herebyincorporated herein by reference.

As may be seen in FIG. 1, an inbound optical signal is received throughan optical link 2, split into orthogonal received polarizations by aPolarization Beam Splitter 4, and then mixed with a Local Oscillator(LO) signal 6 by a conventional 90° optical hybrid 8. The compositeoptical signals 10 emerging from the optical hybrid 8 are supplied torespective photodetectors 12, which generate corresponding analogelectrical signals 14. The photodetector signals 14 are sampled byrespective Analog-to-Digital (A/D) converters 16 to yield raw multi-bitdigital signals 18 corresponding to In-phase (I) and Quadrature (Q)components of each of the received polarizations.

The resolution of the A/D converters 16 is a balance between performanceand cost. It has been found that a resolution of n=5 or 6 bits providessatisfactory performance, at an acceptable cost. The sample rate of theA/D converters 16 is selected to satisfy the Nyquist criterion for thehighest anticipated symbol rate of the received optical signal.

From the A/D converter 16 block, the respective n-bit I and Q signals 18of each received polarization are supplied to a respective dispersioncompensator 20, which operates on the raw digital signal(s) 18 to atleast partially compensate chromatic dispersion of the received opticalsignal. Various methods may be used to implement the dispersioncompensators 20. For example, a digital Finite Impulse Response (FIR)filter block which applies a predetermined compensation function c□ tothe raw signals 18 may be used for this purpose. In some embodiments,the compensation function c□ implemented by each dispersion compensator20 can be implemented using a respective set of compensationcoefficients, which can be adaptively computed by a coefficientcalculator 22, for example using the methods described in Applicant'sco-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/328,199 filed Jan. 10,2006.

The dispersion compensated digital signals 24 appearing at the output ofthe dispersion compensators 20 are then supplied to a 1:M distributionunit 26, which operates to distribute the signals 24 across M paralleldata paths, each of which operates at a lower sample rate (by a factorof M).

In the illustrated embodiment, the distribution unit 26 is implementedas a “burst switch” controlled by a framer 28, to generate successiveblocks of samples which can then be routed to each data path. Oneimplementation of a burst switch may, for example, include a multi-portRandom Access Memory (RAM).

Within each path, a polarization compensator 30 operates to de-convolvethe transmitted I and Q signal components of each polarization from thecomplex signals 24 output from the dispersion compensators 20. Ifdesired, the polarization compensator 30 may operate as described inApplicant's co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/294,613 filedDec. 6, 2005. The output of the polarization compensator 30 is a pair ofmulti-bit estimates 32 X′(n) and Y′(n) of the symbols encoded on eachtransmitted polarization. These symbol estimates 32 X′(n), Y′(n) containboth amplitude and phase information of each transmitted symbol, butalso include phase error due to the frequency offset between the Tx andLO frequencies, laser line width and phase noise. In some embodiments,the symbol estimates 32 are 10-bit digital values, comprising 5-bits foreach of real and imaginary components of each symbol estimate. Thesymbol estimates 32 X′(n), Y′(n), appearing at the output of thepolarization compensator 30 are then supplied to a carrier recoveryblock 34 for LO frequency control, symbol detection and data recovery,such as described in Applicant's co-pending U.S. patent application Ser.No. 11/366,392 filed Mar. 2, 2006.

Referring to FIG. 2, the optical signal preferably includes nominallyregularly spaced SYNC bursts 36 (which may also be referred to as aframing pattern) embedded within a stream of data symbols 38, asdescribed in Applicant's co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No.11/328,199 filed Jan. 10, 2006. Each SYNC burst 36 has a respectivepredetermined symbol (or, equivalently, bit) sequence on eachtransmitted polarization. The symbol (bit) sequences of eachpolarization can be transmitted simultaneously, but this is notessential. In the embodiment of FIG. 2 a, two orthogonal bit sequencesare used in each SYNC burst 36; each bit sequence being assigned to arespective transmitted polarization. FIG. 2 b illustrates an alternativearrangement, in which each of the I and Q components of each transmittedpolarization is assigned a respective orthogonal bit sequence.

Framing methods are known for high speed binary signals. For example,U.S. Pat. No. 7,046,700 teaches methods for spectrally invisible framingof a high speed binary signal. However, detection of the frame withinthe signal presupposes that the binary bit stream has been successfullydecoded. On the other hand, signal acquisition in equipment such as ahigh speed coherent optical receiver requires the identification of theframe or SYNC location, before the binary bit stream has been decoded.

Accordingly, methods and techniques that enable reliable detection of aSYNC burst within a received optical signal, in the presence of moderateto severe impairments remain highly desirable.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

An object of the present invention is to provide methods and techniquesthat enable reliable detection of a SYNC burst within a received opticalsignal.

Thus, an aspect of the present invention provides a A method ofestimating a most likely location of a periodic SYNC burst within anoptical signal received through an optical communications system. Across-correlation is calculated between a multi-bit digital signalderived from the optical signal and a known symbol sequence of the SYNCburst. The cross-correlation is logically partitioned into sub-blocks. Acandidate sub-block in which the SYCN burst is mot likely located isidentified, and analysed to estimate a location of the SYCN burst.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Further features and advantages of the present invention will becomeapparent from the following detailed description, taken in combinationwith the appended drawings, in which:

FIG. 1 is a block diagram schematically illustrating principal elementsand operations of a coherent optical receiver in which methods inaccordance with the present invention may be implemented;

FIGS. 2 a and 2 b schematically illustrate respective alternativeoptical signal formats usable in an embodiment of the present invention;

FIGS. 3 a and 3 b schematically illustrate respective alternativeframers in accordance with a representative embodiment of the presentinvention;

FIGS. 4 a and 4 b schematically illustrate respective alternativecross-correlation computation techniques usable in embodiments of thepresent invention;

FIG. 5 schematically illustrates the combiner network of FIGS. 3 a and 3b in greater detail;

FIG. 6 schematically illustrates a logical partitioning of thecross-correlation signals usable in the embodiments of FIGS. 3 a and 3b; and

FIGS. 7 a and 7 b are flow charts illustrating principle steps in amethod according to a representative embodiment of the presentinvention.

It will be noted that throughout the appended drawings, like featuresare identified by like reference numerals.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT

The present invention provides methods and techniques that enablereliable detection of a SYNC burst within an optical signal received bya coherent receiver unit of an optical communications network.Embodiments of the present invention are described below, by way ofexample only, with reference to FIGS. 1-4.

In general, the present invention provides a method and framer foridentifying the most likely location of SYNC bursts within a receivedoptical signal. As may be seen in FIG. 3, the framer 28 may beconfigured as either a digital signal processor (DSP) or a FieldProgrammable Gate Array (FPGA), and is connected to receive multi-bitdigital signals s^(I) _(X), s^(Q) _(X), s^(I) _(Y), s^(Q) _(Y)representing the cross correlation between the dispersion compensateddigital signals computed by the dispersion compensators and the knownSYNC symbol sequence. These cross-correlation signals s^(I) _(X), s^(Q)_(X), s^(I) _(Y), s^(Q) _(Y) are logically partitioned (at 40) into aserial stream of sub-blocks 42 (FIG. 6) having a repetition rate that issynchronous with the digital signal(s). Within each sub-block 42 thesignals are combined (at 44), before being passed to a detector 46 toidentify the most likely location of the SYNC burst. If desired, asingle detection path may be used, as shown in FIG. 3 a. Alternatively,a 1:N distributor 48 may be implemented to route sub-blocks torespective ones of a plurality of parallel detection paths, as shown inFIG. 3 b so that each sub-block 42 can be processed at a lower clockspeed.

In the illustrated embodiment, a respective cross-correlation signal iscomputed for each component of the multi-bit digital signal. However,this is not essential. If desired, only a sub-set of the signalcomponents (e.g. a single polarization) may be used.

In some embodiments, the cross-correlation signals s^(I) _(X), s^(Q)_(X), s^(I) _(Y), s^(Q) _(Y) are computed by a respective logic block 50using the dispersion compensated digital signals v^(I) _(X), v^(Q) _(X),v^(I) _(Y), v^(Q) _(Y) output by the dispersion compensators and aselected one of the SYNC symbol sequences, as shown in FIG. 4 a. Ifdesired, the logic block may be incorporated within the framer unititself. Alternatively, the cross-correlation signals s^(I) _(X), s^(Q)_(X), s^(I) _(Y), s^(Q) _(Y) can be computed by the dispersioncompensators 20, simultaneously with dispersion compensation, as may beseen in FIG. 4 b. In this case, the selected SYNC symbol sequenceC_(SYNC)[x] is supplied to the coefficient calculator 22 andincorporated into the dispersion compensation coefficients. For example,consider an embodiment in which each dispersion compensator 20 isimplemented as a frequency-domain engine designed to compensatedispersion by processing a fast Fourier Transform (FFT) of the rawsample streams 18 obtained from the Analog-to-Digital A/D converters 16.In this case, the dispersion coefficients can be computed as the sum ofa linear dispersive function (to compensate dispersion) and the FFT ofthe selected SYNC sequence C_(SYNC)[x].

As noted above, in the presence of polarization impairments, thereceived polarizations will typically not be aligned with thetransmitted polarizations. This means that at least some of the energyof each transmitted polarization will typically appear in both of thereceived polarizations. As a result, any one of the known SYNC burstsequences C_(SYNC)[x], taken alone, may produce usable cross-correlationsignals. However, if desired, more than one of the known SYNC burstsequences can be used. For example, in embodiments in which a respectiveSYNC burst 36 is inserted into each polarization (FIG. 2 a), each SYNCburst sequence C_(SYNC)[x] may be applied to a respective pair ofdigital signals (e.g. v^(I) _(X), v^(Q) _(X), and v^(I) _(Y), v^(Q)_(Y)). In embodiments in which a respective SYNC burst sequence isprovided for each of the In-Phase and Quadrature components (FIG. 2 b),each SYNC burst sequence C_(SYNC)[x] may be applied to a respective oneof the digital signals v^(I) _(X), v^(Q) _(X), v^(I) _(Y), v^(Q) _(Y).In a still further alternative, the SYNC burst sequences may be used ina rotational manner, with each SYNC sequence being applied to one ormore of the digital signals v^(I) _(X), v^(Q) _(X), v^(I) _(Y), v^(Q)_(Y) for a predetermined period of time, for example.

As may be appreciated, any suitable number and size of sub-blocks 42 canbe used to logically partition the cross-correlation signals s^(I) _(X),s^(Q) _(X), s^(I) _(Y), s^(Q) _(Y). However, it is preferable to matchthe repetition rate of the sub-blocks 42 to that of the SYNC bursts, asshown in FIG. 6. For example, consider an optical signal in which eachSYNC burst is composed of 17 symbols, and there are 751 data symbolsbetween successive SYNC bursts. With Nyquist sampling, the SYNC burstwill repeat every (17+751)*2=1536 samples, and it is convenient todefine the sub-blocks to span an equal number of samples. In the presentexample, one possible arrangement is to define 48 sub-blocks of 32samples each. Of course, other combinations of sub-block number and sizemay equally be used. An advantage of this arrangement is that there willbe at most one SYNC burst 36 within the set of sub-blocks, and at mosttwo (adjacent) sub-blocks which contain samples corresponding to thatSYNC burst 36. In addition, the SYNC burst 36 will always be positionedat the same location within the set of sub-blocks, even though thatlocation is (initially) unknown.

Various methods may suitably be used to logically partition thecross-correlation signals s^(I) _(X), s^(Q) _(X), s^(I) _(Y), s^(Q) _(Y)into sub-blocks. Since alignment between the sub-blocks and thecross-correlation signals is arbitrary (and initially unknown), a simplemethod of partitioning is to run a pair of counters (not shown)synchronously with the cross-correlation signals to enable indexing ofsamples. For example, a sample counter driven synchronously with thecross-correlation signals, and which runs from 0 . . . K(=31 for theabove-described example signal) can be used to index respective sampleswithin each sub-block 42. A sub-block counter incremented by overflow ofthe sample counter, and which runs from 0 . . . B(=47 for theabove-described example signal), can then be used to index eachsuccessive sub-block 42. As noted above, partitioning of thecross-correlation signals can also include routing sub-blocks 42 intorespective detection paths, as shown in FIG. 3 b. In such cases, the 1:Ndistributor 48 can also be controlled by the sample counter overflow, ifdesired.

Preferably, the cross-correlation signals within each sub-block arecombined using a “sum-of-squares” network 52, as shown in FIG. 5, toyield a cross-correlation vector S_(CC)=({v^(I) _(X)}²+{v^(Q)_(X)}²)+({v^(I) _(Y)}²+{v^(Q) _(Y)}²). This arrangement is advantageousin that it improves the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the SYNC burst 36within the cross-correlation signal, and reduces the impact ofpolarization impairments.

As may be appreciated, there are may ways in which the cross-correlationvector S_(CC) may be searched to identify the most likely location ofthe SYNC burst 36. In the illustrated embodiments, a tail probabilityrepresented by a count of sample values S_(CC)(k) of thecross-correlation vector S_(CC) which are greater than a predeterminedthreshold value is used. This technique is advantageous in that it canbe implemented at low cost, and yet is highly tolerant of uncompensatedpolarization impairments in the dispersion compensated digital signalsv^(I) _(X), v^(Q) _(X), v^(I) _(Y), v^(Q) _(Y).

FIGS. 7 a and 7 b illustrate a representative two-stage search algorithmto identify a most likely location of the SYCN bursts. A first searchstage (FIG. 7 a) implements a coarse acquisition procedure, in which asub-block within which the SYNC burst is most likely located isidentified. A second stage search (FIG. 7 b) can then implement a fineacquisition procedure, in which the identified sub-block is examined indetail to estimate the location of the SYNC burst to a resolution of asingle sample. As will be appreciated, these procedures ay beimplemented using any suitable combination of hardware and/or software.

Referring now to FIG. 7 a, at the start of coarse acquisition, arespective counter C(b), b=0 . . . B, for each sub-block is initializedto zero (at S2), and a first sub-block is selected for analysis (stepS4). Accordingly, each sample S(k) of the sub-block is selected (stepS6), in turn, and compared to the predetermined threshold value (Th) astep S8. If S_(CC)(k)≦Th, the next sample is selected (at S10), and theprocess continues until all of the samples of the sub-block has beenexamined. On the other hand, if S_(CC)(k)>Th, the respective counterC(b) is incremented (at S12), and checked to detect an overflowcondition (at S14). If the counter has overflowed, then the sub-block istaken as candidate sub-block which likely contains the SYNC burst.Consequently, the index number (b) of the sub-block is assigned to acoarse frame index B_(coarse) (at S16), and the process proceeds to thefine acquisition stage (at S18).

The above procedure is repeated, for each successive sub-block, untileither a counter C(b) overflows or a time-out condition occurs (at S20).As is known in the art, the overflow condition is set by the design ofthe counters, and can be used to balance acquisition speed and accuracy.Increasing the size of the counters delays overflow, which increasesaccuracy, but at a cost of increasing the time required to obtain acoarse frame lock state. The time-out condition can be used to preventan end-less loop, resulting from an insufficient numbers of samplesS_(CC)(k) being greater than the threshold (Th). Apart indicating thatthe threshold may be set too high, a time-out condition can be due to asituation in which an equal number of samples corresponding to the SYNCburst are located in two adjacent sub-blocks. In any event, in atime-out condition, the entire process, including logical partitioningof the signal into sub-blocks, is reset, and the acquisition processbegins anew.

As may be seen from the forgoing, the first counter C(b) to overflow isused to identify the candidate sub-block (with index b=B_(coarse)) whichmost likely contains the SYNC burst. FIG. 7 b is a flow chartillustrating a representative process for locating the SYNC burst withinthe candidate sub-block.

As may be seen from FIG. 7 b, the fine acquisition stage can follow aprocedure which is closely similar to that of the coarse acquisitionstage. This is advantageous in that it simplifies implementation, andenables re-use of resources (e.g. counters) freed up by completion ofthe coarse acquisition stage. In this case, however, the framer operatesto analyse only the candidate sub-blocks.

Thus, a respective counter C(k), k=0 . . . K, for each sample S_(CC)(k)of the candidate sub-block is initialized (at S22) to zero, and a firstsample S_(CC)(k) is selected (at S24) and compared to the predeterminedthreshold value (Th) at S26. If S_(CC)(k)≦Th, the next sample isselected (at S28), and the process continues until all of the samples ofthe candidate sub-block has been examined. On the other hand, ifS_(CC)(k)>Th, the respective counter C(k) is incremented (at S30), andchecked to detect an overflow condition (at S32). If the counter hasoverflowed, then the sample S_(CC)(k) is taken as indicating thelocation of the SYNC burst. Consequently, the index number (k) of thatsample is assigned to a fine frame index K_(fine) (at S34), to completethe acquisition process.

The above fine acquisition procedure is repeated, for each successivecandidate sub-block (index b=B_(coarse)), until either a counter C(k)overflows or a time-out condition occurs (at S36). As described above,the overflow condition is set by the design of the counters, and can beused to balance acquisition speed and accuracy. Increasing the size ofthe counters delays overflow, which increases accuracy, but at a cost ofincreasing the time required to obtain a coarse frame state. Thetime-out condition can be used to prevent an end-less loop, resultingfrom an insufficient numbers of samples S_(CC)(k) being greater than thethreshold. Here again, in a time-out condition, the entire process,including logical partitioning of the signal into sub-blocks, is reset,and the acquisition process begins anew.

In the above-described embodiments, the same threshold value (Th) isused for both coarse and fine acquisition stages. However, this is notnecessary. Different threshold values may be used, if desired.

The methods described above with reference to FIGS. 3-7 are sufficientlyaccurate to facilitate reliable signal acquisition and start-up of thedistribution block 26, polarization compensators 30 and carrier recoveryblocks 34 of the receiver of FIG. 1, even in the presence of residual(uncompensated) dispersion, moderate to severe polarization impairments,and a significant phase errors due to frequency mismatch between thelocal oscillator and the received carrier. As may be appreciated, oncethe distribution block 26, polarization compensators 30 and carrierrecovery blocks 34 have stabilized, the framer 28 can apply conventionaldigital correlation and synchronization techniques to the eithermulti-bit symbol estimates X′(n) and Y′(n) 32 output of the polarizationcompensator 30, or the recovered symbols generated by the carrierrecovery block 34.

The foregoing description provides a simplified example embodiment, inwhich the SYNC burst has a fixed (and known) periodicity, and sub-blocksare defined which span one full period of the optical signal. Thisarrangement is advantageous because it enables an optimizedimplementation. However, it will be understood that numerous variationmay be implemented, if desired.

For example, the SYNC burst repletion period can be initially unknownand need to be determined, or the SYNCH occurances may be periodic witha complicated, random, or unknown pattern. The same methods describedabove can be extended to cover these cases by considering morealternatives, either in series or in parallel.

For a signal with a SYNC period of N symbols (where N is unknown), thereare N possible SYNCH locations to consider. Thus, a first step is toidentify a set of M candidate SYNC locations, where the set containsless than all N possible locations. It is advantageous for M to be ⅛ orless of N in order to reduce the amount of high speed memory required.In the methods describe above, the M locations correspond with thesub-blocks, which are contiguous and span a complete period of theoptical signal. However, they could equally be an arbitrary set of oneor more sub-blocks, and may or may not be contiguous.

Consider those M locations. In a coherent receiver the samples arecomplex, and when carrier recovery has not yet been performed, thephases of those samples rotate with carrier frequency offset and phasenoise. When this is not the case, the synchronous averaging of thesamples with period N will improve the signal to noise ratio. Thisperiodic averaging can also be done to the correlation values, forexample using the tail probability function described above.

When the phase rotation is present, the periodic addition of themagnitude of correlation values overcomes the phase rotation issue.Reducing the number of locations to M reduces the corresponding amountof high speed memory and averaging operations required.

It is not essential to use a tail probability function. If desired, anyof a probability, or threshold crossing, or other metric processed fromthe correlation can be accumulated, averaged, counted, or confirmed withsamples at the same location in subsequent periods.

As noted above, once signal acquisition has been completed, and thecoherent optical receiver entered a steady-state processing mode, thedecoded SYNC symbols can be used to confirm the SYNC location. Note thatthese confirmations occur after the candidate SYNC locations have beenidentified, because in general, knowledge of the correct location isrequired in order to do the processing to derive the symbols from themulti-bit samples of the analog optical signal.

Other metrics such as a mean squared error, or an error count can beused to confirm a candidate SYNC location.

As may be appreciated, identification of a candidate sub-block can beaccomplished using as few as a single sub-block spanning a fraction of aperiod. This can eventually cover the full period by moving thesub-block (or search window) in a deterministic or random sequence.Windows can be located in sequential periods or from periods that aresignificantly separated. An advantageous implementation of this is tohave a window of 256 samples, the location of which, relative to theSYNC burst period, keeps incrementing by 64 or 128 symbols until acandidate location is found. These windows can be FFT processed or timedomain processed to identify one or more candidate locations, or to justidentify that this entire window is the candidate subset.

If desired, a sub-block (or set of sub-blocks) may span more than oneperiod. An advantageous method of doing this is to, rather than haveuniform samples, to have clumps of samples covering the same locationsin multiple periods. This reduces the amount of memory and processingused at one time, but allows multiple frames to be considered at once.

The correlation calculation is advantageously an accurate approximationto the analog correlation function. However, this operation can besimplified, approximated, or adapted in the particular implementation.For example, only the most significant bit of the I and Q sample couldbe considered. A fully filtered SYNC pattern could be used in themultiplication, or merely the SYNC symbol bits. In the latter case, themultiplication function can be replaced by a binary selection functionfor I and Q. It is important that the operation is tolerant to carrierphase rotations when these can be present, and it is desirable to obtaina good confidence in the probability of detection.

Thus, on signals with reasonable signal to noise ratios, one can huntfor the SYNC with FFT windows until a candidate location is found. Thiscandidate location is then confirmed by subsequent processing, forexample by doing one or more further FFTs of samples covering the samelocation in later period(s), and processing the results. Alternatively,the location can be confirmed by trying to equalize with the assumptionof that candidate location and measuring the mean squared error thatresults from the attempt. Often there may be other parameters such aslaser offset frequency that may not yet be known and will need to alsohave assumed candidate values for this confirmation step.

It is generally desirable to frame or reframe within one to threemilliseconds. This requires the appropriate hardware to be able to dothe required processing quickly. Slower methods, involving greateramounts of firmware or software processing, could be used in order toreduce the amount of hardware required.

These methods can also be applied to keep confirming that one is stillin frame long after the successful candidate has been identified andconfirmed. High speed digital optical communications systems have symbolrates greater than one GigaHertz, such as ten GigaHertz. This generallyrequires that the time between successive samples is less than onenanosecond, such as 100 ps or 50 ps.

The embodiments of the invention described above are intended to beillustrative only. The scope of the invention is therefore intended tobe limited solely by the scope of the appended claims.

I claim:
 1. A method of estimating a location of a periodic SYNC burstwithin an optical signal received by a receiver through an opticalcommunications system, the method comprising steps of: a processor ofthe receiver calculating a cross-correlation between a multi-bit digitalsignal corresponding to the received optical signal and a known patterncorresponding to the SYNC burst; a framer processing samples of thecross-correlation to identify a candidate sub-block within which theSYNC burst is most likely located, wherein the candidate sub-blockcomprises a respective plurality of samples of the cross-correlationspanning more samples of the cross-correlation than the SYNC burst andless than a SYNC burst period; and the framer further processing samplesof the cross-correlation within the candidate sub-block to identify themost likely location of the SYNC burst within the candidate sub-block.2. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the step of calculating thecross-correlation comprises steps of: selecting one of a set of two ormore known SYNC burst symbol sequences; and applying a respective samplepattern corresponding to the selected SYNC burst symbol sequence to themulti-bit digital signal.
 3. The method as claimed in claim 2, whereinthe step of selecting one of a set of two or more known SYNC burstsymbol sequences comprises a step of periodically selecting a differentone of the set of two or more known SYNC burst symbol sequences.
 4. Themethod as claimed in claim 1, further comprising processing themulti-bit digital signal to compensate dispersion of the optical signal.5. The method as claimed in claim 4, wherein processing the multi-bitdigital signal to compensate dispersion of the optical signal isperformed before calculation of the cross-correlation.
 6. The method asclaimed in claim 4, wherein processing the multi-bit digital signal tocompensate dispersion of the optical signal is performed simultaneouslywith calculation of the cross-correlation.
 7. The method of claim 1,wherein the multi-bit digital signal comprises at least two parallelmulti-bit sample streams, and wherein calculating the cross-correlationcomprises steps of: calculating a respective cross-correlation signalfor each sample stream; and combining the respective cross-correlationsignals.
 8. The method of claim 7, wherein each cross-correlation signalis calculated using a respective pattern corresponding to a unique oneof a set of SYNC bursts.
 9. The method of claim 7, wherein at least twocross-correlation signals are calculated using the respective patterncorresponding to a common SYNC burst.
 10. The method of claim 7, whereincombining the respective cross-correlation signals comprises computing asum of squares of the respective cross-correlation signals.
 11. Themethod as claimed in claim 1, wherein the step of identifying acandidate sub-block in which the SYNC burst is most likely locatedcomprises steps of: accumulating a respective tail probability for oneor more sub-blocks; detecting a first tail probability to reach apredetermined condition; and identifying the corresponding sub-block asthe candidate sub-block in which the SYNC burst is most likely located.12. The method as claimed in claim 11, wherein the tail probability isrepresented by a count of samples which are greater than a predeterminedthreshold.
 13. The method as claimed in claim 12, wherein thepredetermined condition is an overflow condition of a counter forcounting samples which are greater than the predetermined threshold. 14.The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the step of processing samplesof the cross-correlation within the candidate sub-block comprises stepsof: for each sample of the candidate sub-block, accumulating arespective count of instances in which the corresponding sample value isgreater than a predetermined threshold; detecting a first count to reacha predetermined condition; and identifying the corresponding sample as amost likely location of the SYNC burst within the candidate sub-block.15. The method as claimed in claim 14, wherein the predeterminedcondition is an overflow condition of a counter for counting sampleswhich are greater than the predetermined threshold.
 16. A receiver of anoptical communications system, the receiver comprising: a processorconfigured to calculate a cross-correlation between a multi-bit digitalsignal corresponding to a received optical signal and a known patterncorresponding to a periodic SYNC burst within the received opticalsignal; a framer configured to process samples of the cross-correlationto identify a candidate sub-block within which the SYNC burst is mostlikely located, and to further process samples of the cross-correlationwithin the candidate sub-block to identify the most likely location ofthe SYNC burst within the candidate sub-block; the candidate sub-blockcomprising a respective plurality of samples of the cross-correlationspanning more samples of the cross-correlation than the SYNC burst andless than a SYNC burst period.
 17. A non-transitory computer readablestorage medium storing software instructions for execution by a receiverof an optical communications system, the software instructions beingconfigured to control the receiver to implement a method estimating alocation of a periodic SYNC burst within an optical signal received bythe receiver through the optical communications system, the methodcomprising steps of: calculating a cross-correlation between a multi-bitdigital signal corresponding to the received optical signal and a knownpattern corresponding to the SYNC burst; processing samples of thecross-correlation to identify a candidate sub-block within which theSYNC burst is most likely located, wherein the candidate sub-blockcomprises a respective plurality of samples of the cross-correlationspanning more samples of the cross-correlation than the SYNC burst andless than a SYNC burst period; and further processing samples of thecross-correlation within the candidate sub-block to identify the mostlikely location of the SYNC burst within the candidate sub-block. 18.The receiver as claimed in claim 16, wherein the processor comprises alogic block configured to apply the known pattern to the multi-bitdigital signal to calculate the cross-correlation.
 19. The receiver asclaimed in claim 16, wherein the processor comprises: a coefficientcalculator configured to calculate a set of dispersion coefficients as asum of a linear dispersive function and a Fast Fourier Transform of theknown pattern; and a frequency-domain dispersion compensator configuredto apply the calculated set of dispersion coefficients to the multi-bitdigital signal so as to simultaneously compensate dispersion of thereceived optical signal and calculate the cross-correlation.
 20. Thereceiver as claimed in claim 16, wherein the multi-bit digital signalcomprises at least two parallel multi-bit sample streams, and whereinthe processor is configured to process the parallel multi-bit samplestreams to generate at least two parallel cross-correlation signals. 21.The receiver as claimed in claim 20, wherein the processor furthercomprises a sum-of-squares network for computing a sum of the square ofeach one of the parallel cross-correlation signals to generate acombined cross-correlation signal, and wherein the framer is configuredto process samples of the combined cross-correlation signal to identifythe candidate sub-block and to identify the most likely location of theSYNC burst within the candidate sub-block.